Spain 5: Oh, how I loved San Sebastián!

The next destination on our Northern Spain tour was San Sebastián (“Donostia” in Basque), where we would spend two nights. My mind was already immersed in the area because as the bus carried us from one city to another, I’d been reading Homeland by Fernando Aramburu, translated from the Spanish (in which language the novel is called Patria) by Alfred MacAdam. Set in an imaginary small Basque town in the hills near San Sebastián, Homeland’s other major setting – the city itself – provides a real-life anchor for the novel.

I liked Homeland very much (more on both it and the Basques below), but it did not prepare me for the beauty of the city.

Our first stop was the Monte Igueldo Amusement Park, which overlooks San Sebastián from atop a high hill to the east of it. The park opened with a funicular and a ballroom in 1912, and it has been offering rides and other family-friendly activities ever since. We arrived before the park was open for the day, so it was wonderfully quiet. We were able to hear the breaking of the huge waves from the Bay of Biscay on the rocks below.

The Bay of Biscay below Monte Igueldo
Panorama

Thanks to Aramburu’s novel, I did immediately recognized the lovely curve of Playa de la Concha, the shell-shaped beach that is one of San Sebastián’s most celebrated features and, not far from shore, Santa Clara Island, which provides the city with shelter from ocean storms.

The city and the beach are as lovely close up as they are from far above.

One of the most cherished figures in San Sebastián history is Maria Christina Henriette Desideria Felicitas Raineria of Austria (her family called her Christa; 1858–1929). As the second wife of Alfonso XII (1857-1885), she became queen consort in 1879. She had two daughters almost immediately (1880 and 1882), but she was encouraged by her husband and his family to try again in the hope that she would produce a son. This she did, but the boy was not born until after his father died – at the age of only 28 – in 1885. Maria Christina was queen regent from the time of Alfonso’s death until her son (Alfonso XIII) came of age in 1902.

Maria Christina was a member of the Habsburg dynasty, the huge and ultimately massively inbred family that reigned in one way or another from the middle ages to the early modern era over more land than any other royal family in the world has ever done. (I am now reading a book about them. One thing always leads to another.) Their domain included massive territories in Europe (including the Holy Roman Empire and Spain) but also several countries in the New World. Maria Christina, who apparently – unlike many of her cousins – did not suffer from any of the disabilities that can arise from all that inbreeding, gave up her Habsburg rights upon her marriage to Alfonso, who was more interested in producing his own heir than in extending the Habsburg line.

Like me, Maria Christina fell in love with San Sebastián the first time she saw it. She ultimately purchased seafront property and had a summer residence built there, named Miramar, to which she returned for 40 summers. Since the city fell in love with her, too, a hotel, a bridge, and a lot of other things are named after her. (That last part did not happen to me.)

One of the signs at Miramar says:

“[…]They enjoyed their stay in San Sebastian to such an extent, with sea air and country strolls, Jai Alai games and fireworks, and especially the tranquillity of a city with scarcely any protocol, that she expressed interest in returning the following year.” […] “Her affable nature earned her the affection of the city’s inhabitants and she even grew familiar with the Basque language. She was the best ambassador the city could have, and there was no cause in San Sebastián that she did not support in [the capital] Madrid.”

“Euskadi” is the official name for the Basque Autonomous Community in Spain, which includes the provinces of Álava, Biscay, and Gipuzko. San Sebastián is the capital of the province of Gipuzko. Approximately 500,000 people live in the metropolitan area of Donostia (San Sebastián), 180,000 in the city itself, and approximately half of these people identify as Basque.

For centuries, the Basques had a distinct culture in parts of Spain and France, with their own customs and language; in fact, the Basque language has no known connection with any other language in the world. The Basque region was independent until the 19th century but as the governments of France and Spain attempted to suppress and assimilate the group, Basque resistance grew. During the Franco regime, the situation intensified when the dictatorship focused efforts on complete elimination of the Basque language, culture and political activity. (“During the Spanish Civil War, Nazi German Luftwaffe carried out the bombing of Guernica (Gernika) on behalf of Franco’s forces in 1937 — a traumatic event that symbolized the brutal repression of Basque identity.” Wikipedia)

I had heard of the Basques on the news during the long period of conflict between the Basque National Independence Movement (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, or ETA) and the governments of Spain and France. The period of active resistance lasted from 1959 through 2011, and resulted in the deaths of more than 800 people. (Visit Wikipedia for information.) The ETA was declared a terrorist organization for many years by several countries due to its armed guerrilla tactics. It was not until democracy had come to Spain that Basque Country was granted the status of “nationality,” in 1978. On 20 October 2011, ETA announced a “definitive cessation of its armed activity.”

Basques (most of whom were not involved in actual revolutionary activities) continue to take deserved pride in their language, cuisine and culture, their heritage and history. The language is now taught in schools and it is estimated that nearly half of the residents of the Basque region speak it, often fluently.

The primary characters in Homeland are Bittori and Txato, a couple living in a small Basque town who are lifelong friends with another couple, Miren and Joxian. The bonds between the families are torn apart when Txato is murdered by the ETA, an organization that Miren and Joxian’s son Joxi Mare has recently joined. These four characters are all sympathetic and wonderfully delineated, as are Bittori and Txato’s adult children Xabier (a doctor in San Sebastian) and Nerea, a business woman who has lived for several years in London, and also Miren and Joxian’s younger son, Gorka. All of their lives and relationships have been badly damaged by the murder, and their situation and its implications demonstrate the kind of effect the conflict had on actual families who lived in the region during the uprising.

Now that I’ve read it, I have recommended Homeland to others several times, and for a variety of reasons. On one level it is a domestic drama set in a time of political conflict, and its specific insights into the uprising in the region at the time. Homeland was a best-selling novel in Spain and was made into a very popular tv series. The novel was described by the Dublin Literary Award, for which it was nominated in 2011, “A work of nearly unbearable suspense […] a searing examination of truth, reconciliation, and coming to terms with history.”

Spain 4: We visit Zaragoza, and “Hemingway’s” Pamplona

Some of the destinations on our Trafalgar Tour of Northern Spain seemed more incidental than essential. This was probably true in part because I was not there as a pilgrim, seeking out specific sacred sites. Zaragoza, for example, was just over half way between Barcelona and Pamplona – our ultimate destination for the day – so it was a natural place to pause for lunch and a stretch. But unlike Pamplona itself  – or San Sebastian, or Bilbao further down the road – I couldn’t imagine that too many people would put Zaragoza on a list entitled “Places I want to see in Spain.”

As it turned out, the lesser-known (to me) centres we visited on this tour offered a whole range of fascinating historical, cultural, geographical and even culinary marvels. From those experiences, plus information I’ve acquired about other parts of Spain before and since (e.g., the other day I read somewhere about the Aranjuez Palace near Madrid, which looks quite spectacular), I have come to understand that no matter where you go, you are probably going to find some really interesting stuff to look at. Rather than making me want to get back on the bus so we could move on to the next notable destination, such places just made me wish we had about a year to poke around to see the stuff in Spain that isn’t in the tourist books as well as the stuff that is.

Zaragoza is about three hours from Barcelona, and about two hours from Pamplona. While recognizing that the very definition of “tour” involves the process of getting from one place to another, some people in our group did not enjoy the long travel days on our agenda. (Happily for one woman who was prone to travel sickness, these were relatively few in number.) I don’t mind spending most of a day on a bus or train: I fill such extended travel time quite contentedly by listening to a book while watching the countryside go by, and occasionally trying to photograph what I see (not always easy through a bus window. The reflection from the window itself often becomes an issue).

This is some of the countryside we saw as we drove from Barcelona to Pamplona.

Zaragoza is the capital of the autonomous community of Aragon (Spain has 17 autonomous communities as well as two autonomous cities), and is also the capital of Zaragoza, one of three provinces in Aragon. As of 2024, the city’s population was about 680,00 people, which makes it the fourth most populous city in Spain. So while it may not be as famous as Barcelona or Madrid, it’s not exactly a whistle stop.

The city was founded more than 2000 years ago. Among its landmarks, it is known for: its Roman foundations; the Aljaferi Palace, a unique example of Islamic architecture that was built in the 11th century and is still in use as a government building; its Aragonese food and nightlife; and (especially) for the colossal Basilica del Pilar, a baroque cathedral with multiple domes and a shrine to the Virgin Mary. Thousands of pilgrims do make this a destination every year.

We did not see the Roman ruins or the palace, but during our visit we had time to wander some of the streets of Zaragoza, enjoy a delicious lunch at a kebab-felafel restaurant, and see the interior of the basilica.

In each town or city we visited, a “local specialist” took over the microphone from our travel director, Celia, and in almost every case these people were excellent resources – interesting, patient, and deeply steeped in knowledge about their particular regions. This is one of the initiatives Trafalgar has instituted (as, I am sure, have most reputable tour companies) to funnel some of the money paid by travellers into local communities. Other such practices include patronizing local restaurants and businesses, and making time at most stops for groups to visit local shops.

The specialist who guided us around Pamplona told us that the city’s residents credit Ernest Hemingway with putting Pamplona on the map. Indeed, I expect that I first heard of Pamplona when I read The Sun Also Rises in university. (I’ve just finished listening to it again on Audible, read by William Hurt. Hurt has the dry, uninterested voice that is perfect for Hemingway’s prose. I’d forgotten most of the plot, and I’d also forgotten that Hemingway was a racist antisemite, among his other flaws. Which is too bad because his evocations of Pamplona, San Sebastian, Biarritz and other places we visited, not to mention his tormented characters, are masterfully done, but I doubt most self-respecting readers want to put up with his debased and ugly biases any more.) Everywhere you look in Pamplona, the memory of Hemingway is interwoven with the story of the city.

When his book was published to great acclaim in 1926, Hemingway brought the literary world’s attention not only to Pamplona, but also of course to its bullfights and to the annual encierro de toros (better known in English as “the running of the bulls”). Largely thanks to him, every year thousands upon thousands of tourists come to the city during the Feast of Saint Fermin (July 7 to 14) to watch the spectacle unfold – and often even to participate. The fiesta is an important contributor to Pamplona’s economy.

Each morning during the fiesta, at least six bulls and six steers are sent running along a short route through the streets of Pamplona to the bullfighting arena. There, the bulls are penned up until it is their turn to “participate” in the bullfighting event that takes place later in the day. Every year, thousands of tourists and locals try to outrun the bulls during the encierro. Since the bulls are running at 25 k per hour (about 15 mph), staying ahead of them is no mean feat, and those foolish enough to actually allow themselves to be chased typically run out of oomph and make their escape from the fenced-off running corridor after only a few metres.

Our group was invited to guess how many of the two to four thousand people who have attempted to run with the bulls each day since Hemingway made the activity famous in the 1920s have been killed. Guesses were mostly more than a hundred. Turns out the number is 12. Their names are carved on the base of the “Monumento al Encierro,” a statue by Rafael Huerta that depicts the annual event. Many more than 12 have, of course, been injured, many seriously.

El encierro de toros has been part of the local culture for hundreds of years, and evolved (as did the spectacle of bullfighting) from the annual herding of the bulls to market through the city’s streets. Our local specialist suggested that the custom came about when some bright bull breeder realized that it was cheaper and easier to get the beef to market on foot rather than by trying to transport the huge animals on wagons.

At the end of the encierro, the steers (who are used like pilot boats; they are veterans of previous corrida and know their way through the city to the bull ring) are sent back home, and the bulls are corralled in stalls in the bullfighting arena. Later in the day, they are confronted in a battle to the death by matadors and their attendant picadoresrejoneadores, and banderilleros, the latter three groups being lesser participants in the bullfight who help to wear the animal out in preparation for the kill.

Bullfighting occurs not only in Spain and Portugal (as it has in one form or another since prehistoric times), but also in Mexico and several South American countries. If you are interested in learning more about the actual bullfight, there are plenty of resources available, such as this write-up on Wikipedia, but I don’t want to read them or see any videos that may be available, so you are on your own. Thanks in part to the work of a number of animal welfare activist groups, bullfighting is now banned in several regions of Spain, Mexico and South America, and attendance at such events grows smaller every year so maybe one day they will be only another unwelcome historic memory.

Pamplona is a lovely city (and again, so clean!). With our guide, we wandered the famous streets, and saw La Ciudadela (a Renaissance military fort built in the 16th and 17th centuries, which is now a park). Then we settled into the Iriba, the café and watering hole that features largely in Hemingway’s novel The Sun Also Rises. The cafe has been preserved very much the way Hemingway would have known it. There we were treated to a drink (appropriate since Hemingway was a notorious drunk. I had lemonade) and an assortment of tasty tapas.  

It is a custom in Pamplona to mount a dried flower over doors of homes and shops to keep evil away. The ornament looks like a sunflower, and indeed it is called an eguzkilore, which is the Basque word for “flower of the sun.” However, this traditional protective symbol is actually the dried bloom of the wild thistle Carlina acaulis or Carlina acanthifolia.

The scallop shell symbol that is seen all over Spain indicates that you are on one of the many roads (caminos) to Santiago de Compostela in northwest Spain, where it is believed that Saint James is buried. Santiago de Compostela is a sacred destination for thousands of pilgrims, most of whom travel to it on foot each year from all of the regions of Spain, Portugal, France and other countries. (More on that later.) As you can see from the blue and yellow sign, the hinge of the scallop shell, where the radiant lines meet, serves as a pointer in the direction of the holy site. One of our guides explained that the symbol not only offers directions, but reflects the way in which pilgrims from all around the world meet at the sacred destination.

Spain 3: The Abbey of Santa Maria in Montserrat and the “Black Madonna”

Traces of sunlight through mist and fog put the magical final touches to this excursion. At first we were disappointed to drive into low-hanging clouds as we ascended the mountains northwest of Barcelona toward the Benedictine abbey that was our destination. But in the end, instead of forming an opaque blanket, the clouds fell into shifting curtains of mist  that revealed what was ahead of us, behind us, beside us for a few moments or minutes, then hid it away again. It was a haunting, almost otherworldly experience.

Montserrat (“serrated mountain”), the site of the Benedictine abbey Santa Maria de Montserrat, with its famous “Black Madonna” statue, is located in the Catalan Pre-Coastal Range about 45 km northwest of Barcelona. It is composed of a type of sedimentary rock called “pink conglomerate” that is formed from a mixture of hard and soft fragments including pebbles, gravel and sand, held together with a fine-grained binding compound. Over millennia, erosion – or, more specifically, the ability of this particular rock combination to partially resist it – has given Montserrat a stunningly distinctive appearance, more evocative of the limbs and digits of huge living creatures than of the jagged rock formations they actually are.

“Montserrat Mountain […] gives the appearance of being higher than it actually is, due to the fact that it rises straight up from the Llobregat River. There are no other mountains in its vicinity that come close to its height – making it look very distinctive in this part of Catalunya”  (From the very useful Montserrat Tourist Guide).

The Funicular at Montserrat

It is believed that it was during the ninth century that a group of solitary monks – of the variety that don’t talk to one another – started building the chapels that formed the foundations of the Santa Maria Abbey. Little of their work remains, although one of the original chapels – St. Iscle – can still be visited. (I just found this out today, so I didn’t get there in September. Adding it to my list of things to go back and see next time.)

Between the eleventh and thirteenth century, the monastery was officially established with the construction of a church in the Romanesque style, and pilgrims began to come to Montserrat. In 1492, one of the monks from the abbey went to the New World with Christopher Columbus, which is how one of the islands in the Lesser Antilles came to be named “Montserrat.”

The history of Montserrat Abbey is not entirely one of a peace cloaked (like the mist on its mountains) in silence and prayer. In 1811, Napoleon’s army destroyed the abbey; subsequently all of the monks but one left when the property was confiscated under new legislation. Reconstruction did not begin until 1858.

The monks were forced to leave again during the Spanish Civil War (1936 – 1939), and during this period 23 monks were killed. The Catalonia government protected the Abbey as much as it could during this period, and after the war, the monks returned and reconstruction continued. The church now standing on the site is Gothic in design.

The Black Madonna, or “Black Virgin” as it is also known, has helped to make the Abbey at Montserrat famous.

The statue, which is carved from wood, is located high above the chancel of the abbey. We did not have time to go up to see it, but we caught a glimpse from the main floor. The online tourist guide tells us that the Madonna figure “sits behind a sheet of glass, but one of her hands that is holding a sphere (which symbolises the universe) is not behind the glass. It is tradition for you to kiss or touch the Virgin’s hand whilst opening out your other hand to Jesus.”

Here is a close-up photo  from the Monastery website.

The Montserrat statue is only one of many Black Madonnas found around the world, but it is one of the most famous. Some believe that this sculpture was carved in Jerusalem when Christianity was new (possibly even by Saint Luke), was later given as a gift to monks in Barcelona, and then was hidden in a mountain during a century of Muslim rule. It was ultimately rediscovered only thanks to a miracle involving shepherds who saw light coming from a cave. The name “Black Madonna” comes from the colour of the wood, which was not dark when the statue was carved, but has darkened over time. (According to The Internet, historical analysis suggests that this Madonna sculpture is Romanesque, from the late 12th century.)

The Enthronement of the Image of the Mother of God was celebrated in 1947, and since then the Basilica’s restoration has been completed, a museum has been added, and the site has been visited by a Pope (John Paul II). Many people come to Montserrat each year for meditation and prayer, and a large hostel is located just below the abbey to accommodate these pilgrims.

My interest in sculptors in general and those from the region we visited in particular was extended when I learned that contributions to the Basilica included the chapel of the Image of the Mother of God, which was completed in 1885 under the direction of Francesc de Paula del Villar i Lozano with the assistance of “a young Antoni Gaudí.” We also saw two pieces by my latest favourite Catalan sculptor, Josep Maria Subirachs.

After we had returned from Montserrat, we and our Trafalgar group headed out for a bus tour of Barcelona that included a walk around the Sagrada Familia. The day concluded with a lovely dinner at a Barcelona waterfront restaurant in which tapas figured largely. During our travels, I became a big fan of tapas, which are called by other names in other parts of Spain. More on that in another post.

Spain 2: The Sagrada Familia, and we meet our travel group

One of our most eagerly anticipated destinations in Spain was The Sagrada Familia, the basilica in Barcelona that was designed and partially built under the direction of the brilliant architect and artist Antoni Gaudi – whose truly distinctive work we had also seen the day before in Park Güell. Gaudi’s designs are also on display in several Barcelona residences, three of which are open for tours (next time!), and other buildings.

The itinerary for the group we were joining later on the 13th for our ten-day tour of Northern Spain would include only a walk-around of The Sagrada Familia, so we booked tickets for earlier in the day so we could take our time and see the interior as well.

Our first sight of The Sagrada Familia when we emerged from the nearest Metro station. In front of us is the Passion Facade, which faces west.

Gaudi began his work on The Sagrada Familia in 1884 and continued until his death in 1926. I was surprised to learn that he was not the first architect to have been selected to design and build the new church. He was appointed to the position only after Francisco de Paula del Villar y Lozano resigned after two years’ work, following a bureaucratic disagreement. Villar had planned a fairly standard neo-gothic church for the site, but Gaudi transformed the project into his magnum opus when he was awarded the position in 1883.

A deeply religious man, Gaudi was already an acclaimed Catalan architect when he took on this assignment. “Gaudí’s work was influenced by his passions in life: architecture, nature, and religion. He considered every detail of his creations and combined crafts such as ceramics, stained glass, wrought ironwork forging and carpentry. He introduced new techniques in the treatment of materials, such as trencadís which used waste ceramic pieces.” (Wikipedia)

Gaudi became so focused on the project that he moved from his house in Park Güell, where nuns had been looking after him, into the cathedral itself. As time went on he increasingly neglected his appearance, his diet, and his hygiene. On June 7, 1926, at the age of 74, Gaudi was walking down a Barcelona street on his way to confession at a nearby church when he was hit by a tram car. Due to his unkempt appearance and the fact that he was carrying no identification, passersby mistook him for a beggar and paid him little attention. Finally someone arranged for him to be transported to a nearby hospital, where he was admitted to the pauper’s ward. It was several days before his assistants at the basilica located and identified him. By then it was too late for him to receive the kind of treatment that might have helped him to survive his injuries, and he died soon after. He is buried in the crypt of his famous cathedral.

The Sagrada Familia was only about 25% complete when Gaudi died. Aside from a few years during the Spanish Civil War, work has continued ever since, but the cathedral is still not finished. While Gaudi was alive, most of the work on the “Nativity Façade” on the eastern side of the cathedral was completed, and his wishes for the entire project had been outlined. His creation reveals the unique inspiration he found in natural forms and shapes, in his religion, and in his Catalan heritage. His vision still guides the work, despite the contributions of other architects and artists who have created or supervised the realization of various components over the years.

Like many Christian churches, the basic footprint of The Sagrada Familia is oblong, in the shape of a cross. The congregation sits in rows of pews and chairs down the middle of the nave, with the chancel, including the altar, near the top (north) end. A transept crosses the nave just below the chancel and on the east and western exteriors of the transept are doors, or portals. The main entrance, when it is finished, will face south.

As well as supporting the enormous weight of the spires that rise from the cathedral, the columns suggest trees and are finished in various natural colours.

Gaudí’s original design for The Sagrada Familia “called for a total of eighteen spires, representing in ascending order of height the Twelve Apostles, the four Evangelists, the Virgin Mary and, tallest of all, Jesus Christ. Thirteen spires had been completed as of 2023, corresponding to four apostles at the Nativity façade, four apostles at the Passion façade, the four Evangelists, and the Virgin Mary” (Wikipedia). The Jesus Christ spire is due to be finished in 2026. At 172.5 metres with a cross on top, it will make The Sagrada Familia the tallest church in the world. A couple of the towers are open (for an additional fee) to those who wish to climb them (next time!), at which point (I have read) you are rewarded with great views of the city.

The official name of the magnificent structure is “Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família.” “La Sagrada Familia” means “The Sacred Family.” A “basilica” is a special designation given to a church by the Pope, based on criteria that include its architecture, history and spiritual significance. The Sagrada Familia was consecrated on November 7, 2010 by Pope Benedict XVI, who also designated it a “minor basilica.”

The Nativity Facade was completed first, in 1930. It features three portals (representing faith, hope and love), several towers (representing The Holy Trinity and four of the Apostles), and many decorative carvings and statues. It faces east, in honour of the birth of Jesus Christ, and includes many depictions of Biblical scenes describing Jesus’s early life.

You will notice the sculpture of a cypress tree above the middle portal. It is the symbol of the Tree of Life. A person could spend months tracking down the meanings associated with the adornments that appear everywhere on and in The Sagrada Familia.

Several of Gaudi’s models for the cathedral were damaged and destroyed during the Spanish Civil War. Their restoration was overseen by Francesc de Paula Quintana, who had been one of Gaudi’s assistants. In 1954, Quintana initiated the construction of the Passion Facade, which Gaudi had instructed should be a stark, skeletal contrast to the rich and detailed Nativity Facade. The “look” is indeed different from the lavish detail that distinguishes The Nativity Facade: it is minimalist, abstract, spare and open. Themes of this facade (which faces west) include the Last Supper, the Way of the Cross, the Crucifixion, and other scenes from Jesus’s final days. Towers honour four more of the apostles.

While most of The Sagrada Familia is finally nearing completion, the Glory Facade, which faces south, in which the main entrance will be situated, is not finished. Its design represents the path to eternal glory, including Christ’s final judgement and ascension into heaven. Seven pillars represent the seven deadly sins and seven heavenly virtues.

Subirachs’s sculpture of Saint George

Josep Maria Subirachs (1927 to 2014) was commissioned to create the Glory Portal in 1987, and his distinctive style raised much controversy because his work (expressionist, abstract) is very different from that of Gaudi and the other designers involved with the project. (Note: I have no opinion on whether Subirachs’ designs are appropriate to The Sagrada Familia, but I did develop a great fondness for his work as we travelled through the region and saw several pieces he had done. Dark, haunting and evocative, his work is definitely nothing like Gaudi’s. Watch for his Crucifix in the next post.)

Plans for the construction of The Glory Facade are in conflict with the wishes of Barcelona residents who live nearby – approximately 3000 of whom will need to be relocated if the current plans are executed. With zoning issues as well as construction of the portal still ahead, a completion date in 2026 sounds somewhat optimistic.

The entry fees charged to the 4 to 5 million visitors who visit The Sagrada Familia each year are what pay for the construction. Due to the basilica’s popularity, it is wise to purchase tickets (online) several months in advance of a visit, as they are usually unavailable at the site. (One person told us that if you go to a Sunday morning service, there is no admission charge. But don’t quote me.)

After we returned to the hotel from The Sagrada Familia, we enjoyed a well-earned nap and then, at 5:30 p.m., we met with the others on our tour for the first time, in the hotel’s breakfast room. The group of about forty-five people included four or five other Canadians, a lot of Americans, two people from the UK and a family from the Philippines. Our tour guide’s name was Celia. Originally from Madrid she was extremely knowledgeable, well organized, attentive and personable. I can’t think of how she – or our driver Paolo – could have done anything better than exactly how they did it.

After some introductory remarks (such as a warning that we heard over and over again to keep an eye out for pickpockets in Barcelona), we were handed the headsets that we would use to hear our guides throughout the tour, and our luggage tags. (Our suitcases were collected from outside our room each travel day, loaded onto the bus, and delivered back to us after we arrived at our next destination. The system worked perfectly.)

Then we climbed onto our bus and were driven through Barcelona to a restaurant on a hill above the city. The restaurant where we ate is a community initiative sponsored by the Fundacion Mescladis, that works to train people in vulnerable situations (particularly immigrants) and to prepare them to enter the workforce. The staff was attentive and the food was delicious.

Update: in today’s news (October 31, 2025):

Spain 1: Arrival in Barcelona, and Park Güell

Last month we went to Spain. Now I’m going to tell you about our trip. It may take me a long time to do all the posts, because the longer I draw out this account, the more time I have to relive each stop we made along our way. Also, I want to get it right, because I have just realized that one or more of my grandkids might be reading these accounts someday, and I want them to know what I saw and what I thought. So I thank you in advance for your patience. (You can subscribe to this blog for free if you want to get an email when each new post appears, although I recommend you come back to the blog site to read it, as the photos show better here than they do in the emails.)

Spain has been on the list of countries I have wanted to visit for many years, probably since I started studying Spanish when I was in my first year of university. As my interest in art and architecture matured, I wanted to see Antoni Gaudi’s famous (so far uncompleted) cathedral, the Sagrada Familia, as well as the Guggenheim Museum at Bilbao and the Prado in Madrid. A number of years ago, I became fascinated by Northern Spain thanks to a book called Roads to Santiago by Ceec Nooteboom, and our trip took us to many of the places he’d written about. A friend who travelled widely and had lived in Europe for an extended period of time once told me that Barcelona was the most beautiful city she’d ever seen. I loved Don Quixote. I needed to see the plain where the rain stays mainly. In short, I had numerous reasons for wanting to visit Spain.

On no count was I disappointed. This was one of the best holidays ever – and all of our trips have been excellent so that’s really saying something. (Of course it helps to have a congenial travelling companion like Arnie, who seems to have grown used to my need to peer around every corner to make sure we’re not missing anything.)

This time, rather than travelling independently, we joined a tour. More on that later. But it was the right way to do Northern Spain as we saw places we would never have sought out on our own, and learned about the cultural (and historical, and culinary, and many other) aspects of different regions from people who actually live there.

We even went to France for half a day.

We arrived in Barcelona at about nine in the morning on Friday, September 12, after an uneventful direct flight from Toronto that had lasted approximately eight hours. In order to give ourselves an opportunity to explore a couple of places in Barcelona that the tour wouldn’t take us – specifically Park Güell and the interior of the aforementioned Sagrada Familia – we had booked an extra day and a half for ourselves before the group’s first meeting. Since I have a theory about jet lag that involves not sleeping on the plane, and then adhering to the local time for meals and naps and full-night sleeps (an approach that seems to work for me), after making our way by public transit and on foot to our hotel, we checked in, and then set out to have some lunch and then to find the famous Park Güell.

One of the first things we noticed about Barcelona was the number of motorcycles. According to surveys, Barcelona has the most motorcycles per inhabitant of any European city, with more than 500,000 motorbike registrations for a population of 1.7 million people.

We also noticed that Barcelona, or at least the parts of it we saw, was remarkably clean (much cleaner than Toronto, for example). This may be due in part to the fact that the standard of living in Barcelona is so high that most people can’t afford to live there: many of those who do own real estate are making a killing renting out space to tourists. So maybe they can afford to clean up after everybody else.

Overtourism is a major problem in Spain generally, and Barcelona in particular. Obviously, tourism is an important part of the economy, and they don’t want to get rid of it completely, but the effects are currently overwhelming. An article from EuroNews says that almost 66.8 million international tourists visited Spain in the first eight months of 2025 – 22.3 million of them during July and August, which is almost a million more than visited in those two months in 2024. As our tour guide confirmed later, not only has overtourism driven up prices and driven out locals, the hordes of visitors are undermining the culture and damaging the environment. Cruise ships are particularly resented as passengers typically eat and sleep on board, and don’t put any substantial amount of cash into the local economy. The graffiti we saw in English that told tourists to go away represents the tip of the iceberg when it comes to Spaniards’ unhappiness with the situation. Plans are underway to create legal and financial barriers that will at least reduce tourism in future.

I was glad we were visiting in September, when the crowds of tourists were still considerable but not as bad as they would have been in spring to late summer. Shopkeepers and people on the street whom we asked for directions were very helpful and kind, and we noted no (obvious) irritation or resentment anywhere. However, the number of times we remained lost after asking for directions did made us wonder if a few locals had deliberately sent us in the wrong direction. I actually wouldn’t have blamed them if they had. Aside from all the threats to Barcelona’s economic balance and way of life, it must get very tiresome to answer all those questions, mostly in English, asking for directions to tourist attractions, or wanting to know what the words on the menu mean.

Park Gūell is a large property that overlooks the city of Barcelona. A wealthy industrialist and art patron named Eusebi Güell bought the land to build an exclusive housing development, and then hired the already highly regarded Catalan modernist Antoni Gaudi to design the parks and gardens, walkways and carriage paths that would form the backdrop for the luxury estate.

While he was doing his design work on the park, Gaudi lived in one of the two “model homes” in Güell’s development. This building is now a museum, where furniture, ornaments and other household and small industrial items designed by Gaudi are displayed. Gaudi had moved into the house with his father and his niece after his sister died, but then his father and then his niece also died. After that, he lived an ascetic life alone, his few domestic needs attended to by nuns, until much later when he moved into the Sagrada Familia itself to focus his attention on that project. As well as being deeply religious, Gaudi was a very disciplined artist. He got up early every day and worked until late into the night. Like so many people all around the world, I am a Gaudi nut, so I am very grateful that he accomplished so much in his lifetime that we and future generations can enjoy. His work – which includes several buildings in Barcelona in addition to the Sagrada Familia and Park Güell – is distinctive and remarkable.

Park Güell was constructed between 1900 and 1914, and the stairways, viaducts, terraces, and gardens were designed to embody political and religious ideals and to reflect Gaudi’s interest in the geometric infrastructures of natural forms. His work has been described as being rooted in the Baroque, while also being much more expansive and open than the work of other artists from that era.

It is very difficult to do justice to the Park Güell with words, as is true of so much we saw in Spain, so there are going to be a lot of photo “galleries” in this series. As I mentioned above, if you’re reading this in an email message, you might want to click through to the actual blogsite in order to see the photos more completely.

In addition to the walkways, pillars and viaducts, a focal point of Park Güell is a terrace at The Nature Square that is bordered by a long (110 metres) curving bench shaped like a serpent. Designed to be comfortable as well as visually appealing, the bench was designed by Josep Maria Jujol, who was mentored by Gaudi. Its mosaic decorations are distinctive, as is the entire installation.

As it turned out, only the two model houses in Park Güell were ever built. Ultimately declared a UNESCO site, the park became a public space that is one of Barcelona’s most photographed tourist destinations. (Book weeks ahead if you want to see it!) While there is a visitor charge for tourists (and an additional fee to see the Gaudi house), locals are able to enjoy the park at no cost, anytime they want.

We were very very tired by the time we finally put our heads down on our pillows that night at our hotel in Barcelona. In addition to not having really slept since the morning of the day before in Toronto, we’d seen quite a bit of this beautiful Spanish city, travelled on the transit system, visited one of the city’s most famous destinations, seen plants and trees that were unfamiliar to these North Americans (see below), and sampled some Spanish food. We had wandered more airport concourses and city streets than we’d ever intended, hoped or wanted to wander in one day. As it turned out, aside from the lack of sleep, this would be a solid preparation for the physical demands of the following ten days.

Abertillery

(In August, 1999, I took a one-day excursion from my first-ever visit to London England to visit the town in Wales where my father had been born. He died when I was 2 and I knew very little about him. Thanks to an amazing couple, Maureen and Terry Williams, strangers who extended an incredible gift of hospitality and friendship, I learned even more than I’d hoped about Abertillery and the beautiful valley in which it is situated. And thereby, about my father.)

“Is there a hotel in town?” I asked the driver as I hoisted my duffel bag, heavy with guidebooks notebooks a camera jeans nightgown toothbrush a sweater clean-underwear-and-socks onto my shoulder and prepared to disembark.

He looked at me as though I were daft.

“I’m from Cardiff, i’nnit?” he said (as in ‘How the hell would I know?’). But he made an effort on my behalf, repeating my question to three clear-skinned teenaged girls as they edged past me onto the nearly empty bus, their eyes on me as they let their coins clatter down into the box.

“Aw, noo. I doon’ think so,” said one of them to another.

“Maybe there?” said the other back to the first, bending to indicate through the bus windows a gabled, several-storied red brick building just below us.

“Nah. Doon’ think so,” said the third, speaking like the other two in a soft voice that rose, to me, in unfamiliar places and made her hard to understand.

The doors of the bus sighed shut behind me as I stepped onto the pavement. Soughing diesel down into the street, it moved slowly up the roadway toward the next town, then the next and then the next. At Brynmawr, it would turn around and begin its descent south through the Ebbw Valley back to Newport, the city on the Severn where—according to a letter that contained the biographical information I’d requested from the Saskatchewan Archives Board—my father had clerked for a time at a store named Pegler’s.

I stowed my valuables, which for now included my passport, travellers’ cheques, assorted bits of British and Canadian currency, tickets, a map, and a copy of that precious letter, in a side pocket of my bag, and zipped it closed. I lifted the bag onto my shoulder, and started down the deserted street toward the run-down building the girl on the bus had pointed out. When I’d descended the sidewalk to its lower southern side, I could see that the building’s entrance had long been boarded shut, but as I followed the sidewalk up again, I discovered on the building’s western hip the local library—a good place to have directed someone who needed information, except that it too was closed.

Now I saw that a man a bit older than myself was standing on the corner of the street ahead, above me, tanned and grey, his slender good looks set off by his uniform: navy trousers, a long-sleeved white shirt with navy epaulettes, a navy tie. I did not know yet that his name was Terry Williams, or that he was a well respected husband and proud father of two grown children who did odd jobs for neighbours rather than dip into the family coffers for his rugby-ticket money. Or that he’d retired after forty years of trade-work—never having missed a single day—then, finding himself at loose ends, had applied to become the local traffic warden, which meant that on some days like this one, he needed to stand for extended periods of time beside an empty road in his carefully pressed uniform in order to complete his shift. But he looked safe enough to talk to.

 He watched my approach with a fair degree of curiosity.

“Is there a hotel in town?” I asked, lowering my bag to the pavement, then reknotting the elasticized band at the nape of my neck to keep my hair back.

“Noo,” he said, looking around, clearly distracted from wondering about me by his sorrow at my question. “Used to be.” He nodded down the street. “Closed now.”

“Motel, then? A bed-and-breakfast?”

He shook his head regretfully. “Nothin like tha’ here. Noo.”

I should have booked something before leaving London, but I’d wanted no reason not to come here on my own.

“I should have called ahead,” I said, to make it clear I wasn’t blaming him, or his town. “I came because my father was born in Wales. Here—” I waved my hand around, unwilling to try to pronounce the name of this place I had reached at last. “I never knew him, or any of his family. He died when I was two.” I looked around me, adding these deserted streets and buildings to the knowledge of my father that until today had mainly consisted of the typed, half-page list of dates and places I carried in my bag. It now also included the vast gold and dark-green valley I had risen through for nearly an hour on the local bus to get up here from Newport, and the soft, surprising way the people of this region spoke with a question behind nearly every sentence. “I came to see where he was born.”

“All the way from Canada?” he asked, astounded.

“I’ve been staying with a friend in London,” I told him. “I’m going back there tomorrow.”

“When would your father have been born?” he asked.

“In 1908,” I said, looking across the valley toward its western slope. I smiled. “I’m glad I came. It’s beautiful.”

“Wouldna looked like this back then,” he said with a shake of his head. “Hills were black in those days, from the coal.” He didn’t mean to suggest that these soft green slopes, the clear blue skies were an improvement. “Thatcher, i’nnit? Prime Minister back then? She closed the mines to punish the unions for the strikes.” He shook his head. “Now there’s no industry, no work. The place is dyin’.”

I reconsidered the green hillsides. “And there’s nowhere to stay.”

“Not in Abertillery.”

So, there: at last the name of the place was out—spoken aloud, caressed by his voice. My heart thudded into love with it—the soft stress on the second-last syllable, rather than the first as I’d been saying it to myself for all these years. “Aber” meant “mouth” or “confluence”—the only Welsh word I knew so far: I’d reached ‘the mouth of the Tyleri.’

“I think there’s a guest home toward Blaina.” He was pointing up the valley.

I lifted my bag again onto my shoulder, smiled and thanked him. He smiled back, but he wasn’t happy. “It’s at least five miles to Blaina,” he said. “You can’t walk all that way.”

“I’ll be fine,” I told him, starting off.

“It’s below the highway to the west,” he called after me disconsolately. “Just before the town.”

Cars and trucks zoomed past me as I walked along the highway—traffic headed, although I did not know it yet, up the way that one could go in the passenger seat of a battered little red Rabbit, through Blaina and Brynmawr to the Heads of the Valleys Road, then west to Tredegar. There, in the district office, a fifty-year-old woman such as myself could secure a birth certificate that would finally give her the full names of her father’s parents, and the address of his first home.

He’d left southern Wales at age nineteen, said the letter in my bag, “to get away from depressed industrial areas … where there were no business prospects.” He’d worked for Canadian Pacific in Montreal for twelve years as a bookkeeper, providing for his mother and his sister as well as for himself—the women having followed him to Canada after his father and his brothers died. My grandfather and my uncles, those men would have been: four of the thousands of Welsh miners dead through accident or disease because of where they’d worked.

Almost before I knew it I was out of Abertillery—“Aber-til-ler-y”—out of it but not beyond it. The town continued to rise up the valley’s eastern slope beyond the fences separating me from it, in terrace after terrace of joined cottages. Far off, a local bus made its way south through these residential areas and I wondered if it was the same bus I had taken up, now making its way back down again to Newport.

As I walked, I looked over at the jagged rows of grey brick walls, white siding, chimneyed roofs tiled grey and red, and wondered if this had been the street where he had lived—or maybe this? Or there? What I could not see, just over the Ebbw Fach River from where I walked, was Abertillery Park and the green stretch of grounds where my father’s love for the game of rugby must have been engendered and then nurtured. A man I’d tracked down several years before, a retired Anglican priest who’d gone to theological college with him in Saskatoon, recalled how he’d loved rugby—to play it as well as watch it. Recalled that he’d loved a beer when the game was over, good conversation, laughter. From such bits had I begun to assemble a man who might have been my father. Not that I understood him—what could there have been to laugh about, with his father and brothers dead in Wales, his sister dying shortly after she came to Canada, and now his mother mad with grief and rage because he’d gone off and left her yet again—this time to go to university? He was only in his mid-thirties by that time, but he had little time left for living—just a few years for marriage, fatherhood, a small-town-Canada church vocation—before his own death started to unfurl inside him. I was already older than he’d ever been.

I stayed far right on the shoulder, facing traffic. To my left, farmland fell away, then rose again into the distance. I’d never been in terrain like this—in a valley so wide and soft that it could hold a dozen towns and cities in its lap. I was walking with my map folded in my hand, having tried unsuccessfully several times to find the landmarks that would tell me how much farther I must go to get to Blaina. Gradually my pace slowed, my bag feeling heavier and heavier as I continued upward. What if I didn’t find the guest-house before dark?

But now the fences ended, and a roadway opened to my right. I took it, hoping against hope that the traffic warden’s directions had been wrong, but after several minutes I saw it was a private road to a business of some sort. There was no “private” sign, but as I would learn before long, “private” did not have the same meaning as it did in Canada. High above the town of Abertillery, for example, you could walk right out across a farmer’s field, stepping around sheep turds until you reached the radio transmitter at the top of the valley. There, your breath catching at the sudden view, you could look down into the town itself, and even down into the next town—Six Bells, that was, where one of the several local collieries had been (45 men killed in a coal-gas explosion there in 1960, 1000 feet below the surface)—then farther south until you were sure you saw the glint of the Severn in the distance. On your way down into town again, a hurtling descent around hairpin turns pocked with Rabbit horn blasts to warn off anyone who might be in the way, you could stop at a deconsecrated church—St. Illtyd. Parts of that building were a dozen centuries old: my father’s life, his father’s and the rest—brief even in human terms—were mere flecks against that kind of time.

I resumed my trek up the highway, growing increasingly discouraged. If I couldn’t sleep in the town where my father had been born, I might as well go back to Cardiff and find a room that was at least somewhere near the bus to London. I had done what I intended: I had found the town. I had even talked to someone who lived there, seen a street-corner or two, considered a few houses that might well have been his.

It is true that I had not yet been welcomed into a snug home on Cwm Cottage Road, or been shown up and down the valley before the dark descended; not been offered a feast of steak-and-kidney pie, mashed potatoes, peas, hot tea, or been given a comfortable upstairs room in which to spend the night. I had not yet begun to know two of the gentlest people I could ever have imagined, nor had I yet seen their willingness to share with a stranger whatever they could think of about her father’s birthplace—completely unaware that their gestures, their way of speaking and their generosity would show her as much about him as the rest combined. They would give her a piece of herself she hadn’t had before—and ignite a fierce pride in it.

Nor had I yet stood on a sidewalk just half a block off Cwm Cottage Road, looked up at a narrow house mid-terrace—29 Princess Street—where my father was born and raised – and imagined its tiled walls sifted over with coal dust, pictured its men hurrying off to the colliery, wondered how so many people could have lived in so small a place. I had not yet strolled through Abertillery’s weekly outdoor market—spread out in the morning sunlight on the cobbled church plaza as it had been for decades—and reflected on the determination of a young man who’d left everything familiar to come to an unknown country. And not just for a night. For ever.

I had done what I could. It would have to be enough. If I didn’t make a move soon, the buses down to Newport would stop running for the night.

I cut down into the ditch, threw my bag over a fence and clambered after it, headed up a grassy hill to the road that led back to town. Back I walked through the deserted streets, until finally I saw a post with a bus-stop notice on it. But between it and me was a rusting white enamel sign that read, “You are now entering the urban area of Abertillery. A cordial welcome is extended to careful drivers.”

I had to take a picture. It would be proof, if only to myself, that I had actually been here. I put down my bag, dug out my camera, and crouched to take the photo.

As I did, a bus zoomed past, going south. I watched it disappear and felt something tighten in my throat—certain that I’d let the last bus get away.

But now, a small red car—possibly a Rabbit—zipped up the road from behind me, whipped over to the curb and stopped. The driver—a strongly built woman radiating energy, with soft grey hair in curls and a face with so much life in it, it revived me just to see her—clambered out.

“Are you from Canada?” she asked.

“Yes,” I said, surprised, looking down—trying to imagine what aspect of my appearance could have given my nationality away.

“Thank God I’ve found you,” she laughed. “I’ve been looking everywhere! Get in. I’m the traffic warden’s wife: Maureen. I’ve come to take you home.”

*****

“Abertillery” was published in The Nashwaak Review in 2024. Below are photos I took in 1999 when I visited the town of my father’s birth in Wales.

My father’s graduation certificate from Emmanuel College, Saskatoon (1945)

London, etc. and Paris, 20: Final Thoughts

Unlike many of my contemporaries, I was unable to travel much outside of the North American continent until I was in my 50s. Over the years, however, my reading and other interests (art, film, theatre, culinary) have taken my imagination far and wide, and made me long to see more places in the world than I will ever actually get to visit. About forty years ago, I made a list of places I wanted to see. I am enough of a paper hoarder that I could probably find that list again if I put my mind to it, but it would undoubtedly depress me: after all, I’m suddenly three-quarters-of-a century old and my travelling days are likely coming to an end. (Not yet! But soon.)

My interest in travelling both literally and figuratively has also meant that throughout my life, I have usually been studying one language or another, never attaining fluency but always enjoying the exercise. I studied Russian, French and Spanish at university, and have since taken several courses in the latter two languages with the intent of brushing up. I’ve used Duolingo to give me some knowledge of Italian, and I am currently working on German. My literary interests have always been international in scope as well, and books set in countries from Burma/Myanmar through China and Russia, to Japan and Iceland, across Europe, down through Africa, and over to Brazil and Patagonia and Chile, have piqued my interest in actually seeing the places where they are set. At the age of fifty, I finally got to the UK, home of my forebears, where I visited London and saw a tiny bit of Wales.

When it finally became possible for me to make a major excursion to a foreign land, India was at the top of my list – much to the dismay of my elder son, who had generously shared his air travel points with me as a 60th birthday gift. He was not keen on the idea of his mother travelling alone to India, much less on feeling any sense of responsibility if anything happened to her. But I felt that if I had only one chance to see an entirely different geography and culture from my own, I wanted it to be as entirely different as possible. Plus, I didn’t travel alone: I joined a group trip. (The eldest of my travelling companions was barely half my age, but after they all got used to having someone older than most of their parents in the group, it was fine. It was even better once they basically forgot that I was in their midst.) I loved India, and confirmed that I loved travelling.

Most of my travels since have been with my husband, Arnie, especially since his retirement ten years or so ago. Together, in addition to several U.S. trips, we have been to Cuba, Italy (& Croatia), Germany (& Prague), and this past year to London (etc.) and Paris.

I have gained more than I can ever explain from these travels, most of it positive. Travelling has changed me for the better, enriched my life, widened my perspectives, deepened my feelings of connection with people around the world, and made me appreciate our differences. Perhaps the most frustrating lesson to learn has been that it would not be possible for me to cross travel destinations off my life list, even if I knew where it was. There is not one place of those I have travelled to (at least so far) that I would not relish going back to again for an extended stay. In fact, in most cases the hankering is worse now that I’ve seen the places than it was before I went. When I watch a TV series or a movie set in Berlin, or London, or Mumbai, or Mexico City, or read a book from or about somewhere I have been, I long to be back there again.

Our most recent trip was no exception. If you asked me right now if I would rather visit a country I haven’t ever seen before or go back to Paris (and maybe see some more of France), I would be hard pressed to answer the question. I did love Paris.

But then I think of the night markets in Japan, or the Sagrada Familia, and my imagination is off and running once again.

My only hope at this point is that in my 90s, when I can no longer travel, I will at least be able to afford some kind of virtual-reality headset so I can visit a few places my actual body has not yet been to. (I hope the device comes with smells. Food would be nice, too.)

Paris may feel like it’s half way around the world, but on May the 11th we woke up in a hotel room in Paris and went to sleep around midnight the same day in our own bed in Toronto. That boggles my mind, even though I know that this experience was only possible because of time differences, and that these differences also mean that it would take us two days to get back to that hotel again.

The speed of our return was also of course due to a few miracles of modern travel. On May 1, when we took a bus from London to Paris, which included crossing the English Channel on a ferry, the trip took ten hours. On the 11th, we returned by train through the “Chunnel,” and the trip from the Gare du Nord in Paris to St. Pancras Station in London was only two hours and twenty minutes. (It would have taken about the same length of time to fly, and the cost would have been almost the same.)

At St. Pancras we transferred to the Tube, which delivered us to Heathrow Airport in about 45 minutes, and our plane for Toronto left not long after we arrived at the airport. Smooth sailing, as it were.

While the train trip back to London saved us time, I would not have wanted to miss the worst day of our entire trip, which had happened on the day we travelled the opposite way by bus.

It is my hope and expectation that the current fad of people posting almost nothing but photos of themselves online will come to an end shortly. However, the fact that many selfie addicts (younger women in particular) have found a way to monetize the practice is not conducive to the likelihood of an early end to this trend.

As I have previously written in a blog post on the matter, influencers are an increasing eyesore (ironically) at tourist spots around the world. “Influencers” (at least in this context) are people who get all dressed up in clothing, makeup and accessories from name-brand fashion and cosmetics outlets, and then go and stand in front of something that makes an interesting backdrop and get their photos taken, and then they post the photos on their Instagram or other social media platforms, and hope that the clothing, accessory or cosmetics outlet will pay them for promoting their products. People who are famous from other initiatives – e.g. the tackily clad women from Selling Sunset – are ready-made influencers: they just add sponsored products to the photo shoots they are already doing in order to promote their programs and themselves. I expect that they are paid for the number of “hits” that their images receive online, and that the more popular the influencer, the more they can charge.

I would also guess that a lot of the (literal) poseurs we saw on our travels were wannabe, rather than established, influencers: not all of them can have financially viable web presences. I wonder whether these people have to pay for their own clothes. No doubt the reason so many of them show up at places like the Eiffel Tower or Niagara Falls is because these landmarks are also popular Google search destinations, which increases the odds that people will come across their photos.

Several times on this trip, like the ones that preceded it, we walked farther than we’d intended. One day early in our visit to London we tracked more than 18,000 steps (including eleven flights of stairs). By the time we got off the underground at the station near our hotel that night, I was promising my feet that if they’d just carry me the final few blocks, I’d never make them go anywhere again. My back was not happy either. But each time when I thought I’d really overdone it, I was relieved to discover that a night’s sleep was all I needed to recharge, after which I was able to head out one more time. (Arnie, by contrast, just kept going and going, without complaint. Very impressive.)

The lesson I learned from this is that you should visit all the interesting foreign places you can when your limbs are still limber and walking is easy. However, if you can’t go until you have achieved the age of aches, pains and sore feet, you should go anyway. You’ll be surprised how far you can get when there’s something around the next corner or at the next Tube stop that you just have to check out. (Of course, good shoes are essential. I say this at the risk of sounding as old as I am.)

A backup power supply for your phone is also essential. There is nothing worse than running out of battery power before you’re ready to call it a day, especially if you need GPS to get you the final few blocks back to your hotel.

Here is a photo Arnie took of the inside of the Shakespeare and Company bookshop. I didn’t realize he had taken this when I wrote my post about the shop. This really captures the feel of the place.

Arnie also got a great video of a charming busker who provided a musical accompaniment for part of our trip from Paris to Versailles.

And that FINALLY concludes my blog series about London, etc. and Paris. I am most grateful to those who have been reading, and for the many positive comments!

A Page from My “Trip Planner”

London, etc. and Paris, 19: Finishing strong – Cimetière Père Lachaise, and Montmartre

We spent most of the last day of our travels in a cemetery: but what a cemetery it was! The list of famous people who are buried at Cimetière Père Lachaise in the 20th Arrondissement seems endless, and the temptation to go visit “just one more,” and then “just one more” again, is overwhelming. There are authors, musicians, scientists, philosophers and more. Notable figures about whom most of us have heard for our entire lives turn out to have been real people who came to their inevitable ends one way or another and were laid to rest in Paris.

We walked until we could walk no more and barely scratched the surface (as it were), but even then we only left because as closing time approached, an official came along with a very large and very loud handbell, which she rang as she started herding everyone toward the exit gates. Begging for sympathy because you just had to visit one more grave was pointless. The bell ringers (probably necessarily) have hearts as stony as the monuments. (It’s not just me. See this post, “TERRIBLE STAFF – beware of the bell ringer,” on TripAdvisor.)

We spent about five hours wandering about this beautiful 44-hectare (110-acre) property, as do nearly 3.5 million other visitors every year. I am very grateful to my friend Jacqui Dumas who urged us to visit this place, and gave us other excellent tips that helped make the entire trip to Paris very special.

The cemetery is named after the long-time confessor of Louis XIV, Père Français de La Chaise, who had lived on this property for many years. It was was established in 1804 by Napoleon, who “had declared during the Consulate that ‘Every citizen has the right to be buried regardless of race or religion'” (Wikipedia).

As you will notice from the photos, Père Lachaise is a “garden cemetery” and the grounds are stunning and wonderfully maintained. It would be a superb place to wander or to sit and read a book even if one weren’t surrounded by reminders of some of the most interesting and notable people in history.

As well as graves of the famous and not so famous, the huge property includes a crematorium and a columbarium, as well as French war graves, memorials from both world wars, and an ossuary containing the bones of 2500 French soldiers who were killed in the siege of Paris during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).

Probably the most visited grave is that of Jim Morrison, lead singer of The Doors, who died of a drug overdose in Paris in 1971 and allegedly wanted to be buried at Père Lachaise in order to be near one of his literary heroes, Oscar Wilde. Morrison’s original grave in the cemetery was disturbed and vandalized by Morrison “fans” so often, as were other graves nearby (collateral damage), that Parisiens were outraged. In 1990, the gravesite was dismantled – even the headstone had to be demolished – and a new one with barriers around it took its place.

Morrison fans visiting the grave often stick chewing gum to a tree, now wrapped in bamboo, near the grave. I was unable to discover the reason for this tradition.

After we had worn out our legs and feet at the Cimetière Père Lachaise, we realized that we’d better check out Montmartre, the 130m-high hill in north-central Paris, because we were leaving Paris the next day and wouldn’t have another chance. We did not intend to walk to the top, but when we got there… well, you know how it is with mountains. It was there, so up we went.

We toured the beautiful Sacre Couer Basilica which stands on the top of the hill, and then went out to look at the view of the city before making our way back down. We had to pick our way very carefully among people who were seated everywhere on the steps and the grass, enjoying the evening, chatting with one another and enjoying performances by buskers.

When we reached the bottom of the hill again, we discovered that, just a few feet away from where we had begun our climb, there was a funicular that we could have taken to the top, avoiding all those stairs.

Video of the View

By the time we had dinner and finally got back to our hotel, we had walked 16,500 steps or 11.62 km We were certainly ready to put our feet up, but it had been a perfect day and a perfect way to end our trip to Paris.

Walking back down from Montmartre towards our hotel

London, etc. and Paris 18: Opera, Opera, Opera!

On our second-last full day in Paris, we turned our focus to two of the most important sites for opera in the city – opera having become one of my favourite pastimes in the past few decades. First we toured the lavishly beautiful Palais Garnier, then later in the day we made our way to the more restrained but no less magnificent Opera Bastille. There we attended an extraordinary production of Salomé by Richard Strauss, starring Norway’s Lise Davidsen, one of the most in-demand sopranos in the world.

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The magnificently designed and lavishly decorated Palais Garnier was built at the direction of Napoleon III. Construction began in 1861 and took more than a decade to complete. Named after Charles Garnier, its architect, the theatre was built in what is known as the Napoleonic III or Second Empire style. And as the “influencers” posing everywhere in the Palais when we were there had clearly discovered, there are more varied photo backdrops for lovely young women outside the performance auditorium than there is inside it. In fact, much of the facility was intended to be decorative rather than functional.

“The basic principle of Napoleon III interior decoration was [to] leave no space undecorated. Another principle was polychromy, an abundance of color obtained by using colored marble, malachite, onyx, porphyry, mosaics, and silver or gold plated bronze. Wood panelling was often encrusted with rare and exotic woods, or darkened to resemble ebony. [….] Drawing liberally from the Gothic style, Renaissance style, and the styles dominant during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI [including Baroque], the combination was derided by Émile Zola as ‘the opulent bastard child of all the styles'” (Wikipedia).

“Opulent” is right.

“The ceiling of the Opéra Garnier was completely renovated and re-imagined in 1964 at the urging of Minister of Culture André Malraux. The talented Marc Chagall was entrusted with painting 2,400 square feet of frescoes. The opera’s new ceiling was widely decried and contested when it was unveiled to the public on September 23, 1964, and the work at this iconic Paris opera house continues to elicit curiosity and stir passions.” (The Ceiling of the Opera Garnier)

The Palais Garnier, which seats nearly 2,000 people, was for many years the sole home of the Paris Opera, which has itself has been around in one form or another since it was established by King Louis XIV in about 1670. The impetus for establishing the company was a desire to catch up to or even surpass the Italians in the field – although the Italians, having invented opera during the Renaissance, did have a good head start. Still, today French opera is well established, and works by composers such as Bizet, Massenet, Gounod and many other traditional and more modern French composers are enjoyed by audiences around the world.

The Paris Ballet is also part of the Paris Opera organization. Although most of productions by the Paris opera and ballet companies are now staged at the “new” Opera Bastille, nearly 400 performances still attract sold-out audiences to the stage of the Palace Garnier every year. Tickets for the opportunity to tour the building (without seeing the current stage production) also regularly sell out, which is why we didn’t get into the facility until our third attempt.

Before we left Canada, we happened to see a very interesting documentary on TVO called Building Bastille (available to watch for free on YouTube). This fascinating program documents how an almost unknown Canadian architect named Carlos Ott won the competition to create a modern opera house where the infamous Bastille Prison had once stood.

The Bastille Opera was an initiative of the then-president of France, François Mitterand. Construction began in 1984, and Mitterand wanted the project completed in time to mark the 200th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, which had occurred early in the French Revolution in 1789. No expense was to be spared – he wanted the building to be both culturally and architecturally cutting-edge. Jacques Chirac, who had been mayor of Paris and was elected president of France in 1986, tried to halt the project several times due his to concerns about rising costs, and part of Ott’s challenge was to keep the construction moving until it was completed. With Mitterand’s help, he succeeded, and secured his name as a world-class architect with this amazing facility.

“[The Opera Bastille] was a conscious, egalitarian, departure from the Palais Garnier, which has several dozen types of seats and does not offer stage visibility from all of them. Every seat at the Opéra Bastille offers an unrestricted view of the stage, is the very same type of seat with the same level of comfort, and there are no boxes. Subtitles are visible from every seat except for those at the very back of the arena and of the first balcony” (Wikipedia).

The Bastille Opera house was just one piece of a massive monument-building initiative undertaken by Mitterand in the 1980s. Entitled the Grands Projets, the undertaking was intended to revitalize the architecture of the city and to reflect France’s commitment to, and achievements in, the arts. In addition to the Opera Bastille, the Grand Projets included the Musée d’Orsay, the pyramid at the Louvre, la Grand Arche de Défense and several other major buildings. When all of it was complete – many years after originally scheduled – the cost of these projects was estimated to have reached 15.7 billion francs.

The facility seats 2,703 people. In addition to the main theatre, it includes a concert hall and a studio theatre.

“The backstage [of the Opera Bastille] occupies an enormous area (5,000 m2), six times larger than the stage […]. A system of rails and a rotating dock make it possible to roll entire sets on and off on giant motorised platforms in a few minutes and to store these platforms on the available backstage spots; quick changes of set enable the artists to rehearse a work in the afternoon and to perform another one in the evening within the same space, something impossible at the Palais Garnier. The use of such platforms also makes it considerably easier to use three-dimensional sets rather than traditional flat images. Under the stage is a giant elevator, which is used to lower unused set platforms to an underground storehouse as large as the backstage itself” (Wikipedia).

Another elevator system lifts and lowers the entire orchestra pit, as required by different productions.

Here is a video showing the interior of the Opera Bastille’s main theatre.

Critics have called the Bastille “cold” and “impersonal” due to its minimalist design and the extensive use of concrete walls, and black, cream and grey decore. To my mind, the spareness also works to its advantage, as it surely offers less distraction from actual productions than would the ornately and colourful Opera Garnier.

Ott’s building certainly seemed a perfect setting for the production of Salomé we saw on May 9. Lise Davidsen was outstanding as the stepdaughter and niece of King Herod, a man who has lustful eyes for her. She falls in love with prophet Jochanaan (John the Baptist), whom Herod has imprisoned mainly because he’s afraid of the power he wields with his spirituality. Jochanaan resists Salome’s overtures, and ultimately she gives Herod everything he wants from her (as depicted in the agonizing and powerful Dance of the Seven Veils) in exchange for Jochanaan’s head.

The opera was dramatic, haunting, and fantastic.

After the opera, we emerged into a warm, perfect Paris evening.

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London, etc. and Paris, 17: Versailles!

Travel Date: Wednesday, May 8, 2024

In the past few days I have written at some length about how I have wished that I had learned more about the history of France in general and the French Revolution in particular before I went to France, rather than after I returned to Canada, so that I’d have had a greater appreciation for the historical significance of several of the sites we visited. Among these were the Champs de Mars, a large green space southeast of the Eiffel Tower, where Bastille Day was first celebrated on July 14 1790 to mark the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille and where the first major massacre of the Revolution occurred, and Place de la Concorde, which was the location of many of the 17,000 public beheadings that took place during the Reign of Terror.

The Palace at Versailles also played a central role in the French Revolution. The primary impetus for the Revolution, which ultimately lasted for more than ten years and expanded from a civil uprising to involve several neighbouring countries, was the terrible social and economic circumstances in which most French people were living, largely due to the onerous tax burden that the “ancien regime” (“old order”) imposed on them. The economy was on the verge of collapse but in the meantime, King Louis XVI (a popular king) and his wife Marie-Antoinette (not as despicable as her reputation would have it, from what I have now read) were living with their son the Dauphin and other relatives in the most luxurious conditions imaginable. One early, unsuccessful attempt to quell the fomenting unrest took place at the Royal Tennis Court at Versailles in 1789, and it was from Versailles that the king and queen were moved to the Tuileries Castle in Paris and thence to prison and after that to their own public executions.

I highly recommend Hilary Mantel’s novel A Place of Greater Safety and the French Revolution podcast episodes of The Rest is History for fascinating in-depth explorations of this decade in French history – which did not go well at all but ultimately did lead to a democracy in France that has lasted till this day (and which we desperately hope will continue).

Where I was going with that draft, now revised to become this draft, was to draw comparisons between the social and economic conditions in France that precipitated the overthrow of the monarchy, then the failure of one replacement system of government after another, with conditions that are contributing to the popularity of far-right movements around the world today. But I decided that whole line of thought was too depressing, and also that it would take me weeks to research my argument to the extent that I could support it with citations, so (you’ll be relieved to hear) I’ve decided to just show you some of the many photos we took when we went to Versailles and toured the chateau. ‘ll leave you to crawl down the rabbit holes that lead to political parallels if you so desire.

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Versailles palace , which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was built originally as a hunting lodge in 1623 by Louis XIII, and expanded to its current massive size by Louis XIV. It was the latter Louis who moved the seat of the French government from Paris to Versailles (no. I will not mention Mar-a Lago here), and it was at Versailles where Louis XVI was living when all hell broke loose.

Today “The palace is owned by the government of France […]. About 15,000,000 people visit the palace, park, or gardens of Versailles every year, making it one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world” (Wikipedia). The Versailles experience begins as soon as you board the train that carries visitors along the 10.7 k route from Paris.

We saw sculptures in nearly every room of the palace, some strangely attractive and some really breathtaking. In the former category are the statuary shown in first four images below, which were formerly fountains with water spewing from their mouths and heads. The last two photos are of more classical statues, made from white Carrara marble. They date from the mid-1600s.

We visited the royal family chapel, which was larger and more ornate than many free-standing churches I’ve been in. There were also a lot of interesting paintings in the palace, not only hanging on the walls but also decorating the ceilings.

Versailles today is a museum. Not all of the art we saw would have been there during the reign of Louis XVI; some of the works were created long after he was relieved of his regal responsibilities.

The state rooms of the king and queen, including their private bedchambers, extended through nine or ten large rooms. Here is a sample:

We saw the famous gardens at Versailles through many of the windows in the rooms we visited, but we ran out of time and energy before we could wander around outside

The Treaty of Versailles which ended the first world war was signed in the Hall of Mirrors on June 28, 1919.

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After returning to Paris, we decided to eat dinner at Bouillon Pigalle restaurant. We had seen the long lines waiting outside this restaurant a few days previously and had become interested in eating there, but it seemed to have no accessible system for taking reservations. We decided that waiting in line must be worth it, since so many other people were doing that. The line is so long that it runs down the whole block and around the corner. Thanks to a special agreement between the restaurants, there is a break in the line in the middle so that patrons of the McDonald’s next door can get to their destination.

The wait was worth it, as it was so often on this trip. Le Bouillon Pigalle serves delicious French food in a very efficient manner, where patrons sit close to one another and orders are taken almost as soon as you’ve been seated. But the system works: there is no sense of being rushed, the food is excellent, and the price is reasonable.